Tula de Hidalgo (Mexico) Toltec Capital City of Tollan

The archaeological ruins of Tula (now known as Tula de Hidalgo or Tula de Allende) are located in the southwestern part of the Mexican state of Hidalgo, about 45 miles northwest of Mexico City. The site is located within the alluvial bottoms and adjacent uplands of the Tula and Rosas Rivers, and it lies partially buried beneath the modern town of Tula de Allende. Chronology Based on extensive ethnohistorical research by Wigberto Jimenez-Moreno and archaeological investigations by Jorge Acosta, Tula is considered the likely candidate for Tollan, the legendary capital of the Toltec Empire between the 10th and 12th centuries. Also, Tulas construction bridges the Classic and Postclassic periods in Mesoamerica, when the power of Teotihuacan and the southern Maya lowlands were fading, to be replaced by political alliances, trade routes, and art styles at Tula, and at Xochicalco, Cacaxtla, Cholula and Chichà ©n Itzà ¡. Tollan/Tula was established as a fairly small town (about 1.5 square miles) around 750, as the Teotihuacan empire was crumbling during the Epiclassic period (750 to 900). During the height of Tulas power, between 900 and 1100, the city covered an area of some 5 square miles, with a population perhaps as high as 60,000. Tulas architecture was set in a diverse environment, including a reedy marsh and adjacent hills and slopes. Within this varied landscape are hundreds of mounds and terraces that represent residential structures in a planned cityscape with alleys, passageways, and paved streets. Coatepantli Frieze or Mural of the Serpents The heart of Tula was its civic-ceremonial district called the Sacred Precinct, a large, open, quadrangular plaza surrounded by two L-shaped buildings, as well as Pyramid C, Pyramid B, and the Quemado Palace. The Quemado Palace has three large rooms, sculpted benches, columns, and pilasters. Tula is justly famed for its art, including two interesting friezes worth discussing in detail: the Coatepantli Frieze and the Vestibule Frieze. The Coatepantli Frieze is the best-known artwork at Tula, believed to date to the Early Postclassic period (900 to 1230). It is a carved into a 7.5-foot tall, free-standing wall running for 130 feet along the north side of Pyramid B. The wall seems to channel and restrict pedestrian traffic on the north side, creating a narrow, enclosed passageway. It was named coatepantli, serpent in the Aztec language, by excavator Jorge Acosta. The Coatepantli Frieze was made from slabs of local sedimentary stone, carved in relief and brightly painted. Some of the slabs were borrowed from other monuments. The frieze is capped by a row of spiral merlons, and its facade shows several reclining human skeletons intertwined with serpents. Some scholars have interpreted this as a representation of Quetzalcoatl, the feathered serpent in pan-Mesoamerican mythology, while others point to the Classic Maya Vision Serpent. Frieze of the Caciques or Vestibule Frieze The Vestibule Frieze, while lesser-known than that of the Coatepantli, is no less interesting. A carved, stuccoed, and brightly painted frieze that illustrates a procession of ornately dressed men, it is located on the interior walls of Vestibule 1. Vestibule 1 is an L-shaped, colonnaded hall that links Pyramid B with the main plaza. The hallway had a sunken patio and two hearths, with 48 square pillars supporting its roof. The frieze is in the northwest corner of Vestibule 1 on a nearly square bench measuring 37 inches high by 42 inches wide. The frieze is 1.6 by 27 feet. The 19 men shown in the frieze have been interpreted at various times as caciques (local chiefs), priests, or warriors, but based on the architectural setting, composition, costumes, and color, these figures represent merchants engaged in long-distance trade. Sixteen of the 19 figures carry staffs, one appears to wear a backpack, and one carries a fan, which are all elements associated with travelers. Resources and Further Reading Bernal, Stephen Castillo. El Anciano Alado del Edificio K de Tula, Hidalgo. Latin American Antiquity, vol. 26, no. 1, Mar. 2015, pp. 49-63.Healan, Dan M., et al. Excavation and Preliminary Analysis of an Obsidian Workshop in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico. Journal of Field Archaeology, vol. 10, no. 2, 1983, pp. 127-145.Jordan, Keith. Serpents, Skeletons, And Ancestors?: The Tula Coatepantli Revisited. Ancient Mesoamerica, vol. 24, no. 2, Fall 2013, pp. 243-274.Kristan-Graham, Cynthia. The Business of Narrative at Tula: An Analysis of the Vestibule Frieze, Trade, and Ritual. Latin American Antiquity, vol. 4, no. 1, Mar. 1993, pp. 3-21.Ringle, William M., et al. The Return of Quetzalcoatl: Evidence for the Spread of a World Religion During the Epiclassic Period. Ancient Mesoamerica, vol. 9, no. 2, Fall 1998, pp. 183-232.Stocker, Terrance L., and Michael W. Spence. Trilobal Eccentrics at Teotihuacan and Tula. American Antiquity, vol. 38, no. 2, Apr. 1973, pp. 195-199.Stocker, Terrance L., et al. â€Å"Wheeled Figurines From Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico.†Ã‚  Mexicon, vol. 8, no. 4, 30 July 1986, pp. 69-73.

The Holy Virgin Mary Essay - 2247 Words

What a sensation was made about the Sensation exhibition in the Brooklyn Museum of Art. The focus of Mayor Giulianis outcry was the piece The Holy Virgin Mary by Chris Ofili. Funny, he didnt give attention to some of the other outrageous works including the pubescent female mannequins studded with erect penises, vaginas, and anuses, fused together in various postures of sexual coupling, or the portrait of a child molester and murder made from what appears like child hand prints or bisected animals in plexiglass tanks full of formaldehyde. Would it ever have made headlines with a different title, like Afro-lady? I dont think so. I guess targeting religion gets a little too personal. Giuliani said, You dont have the right to†¦show more content†¦If you think about it, many African cultures had no use for gold until the Europeans came along. But in America, dung is a bad, nasty thing. We even have pooper scoopers for our house pets excretions on public property. No one should h ave to deal with that! No, no one wants to see poop! We use gold to gild halos on our saints. Poop? How atrocious! You cant use feces in art! But, how many people know that artists used human urine as a fixative in pigments of religious works such as the Last Supper and the ceilings of the Vatican? How many know that Old Master painters used mummy brown, yep you guessed it, a pigment consisting of pulverized Egyptian mummies? No one complains about shadows in 18th century paintings of the Virgin being made out of dead people. As for the porn pictures, they suggest putti just as the Virgin Marys symbology reflects fertility. So whats the big deal? Do you think people get too focused on the medium instead of the message? Does it matter what material the artist is using to get the message across? What is acceptable? The norm would be oil, different types of earth, egg, rock and wood. Lets take a look at a little history in medieval art. There was a movement towards the end of the first millennium called Iconoclasm. This factor hated images and icons which were believed to be endowed with mysterious powers that could work miracles by intervention from the saints. This Iconoclastic Controversy defined and declined the creation ofShow MoreRelatedThe Holy Virgin Mary By Chris Ofili Essay767 Words   |  4 PagesThe Holy Virgin Mary was created by Chris Ofili in 1996. It is a mixed media painting, including paper collage, oil paint, glitter, polyester resin, map pins and elephant dung on linen with the size of 243.8 cm X 182.9 cm. The artwork portrays Mary, a black virgin, wearing a blue cape covers from her head down to her body. The cape wraps around her body, leaving an open space that reveals her right breast that was actually a dried lump of elephant dung. The woman was positioned standing in the centerRead MoreHow Was Jesus Conceived From The Holy Ghost?1174 W ords   |  5 Pages The Father enjoyed a perfect relationship with His Only Begotten Son, and with The Holy Spirit, before time began. In this relationship there was perfect sweet communion, peace, contentment with nothing or anyone to pollute their eternal existence, to curse their Creator, and reject God. Certainly God did not create us because He was lonely, or that He was in need of anything. With such eternal peace and pleasure, God created heavens, the earth, and all they contain. Surely the eternal GodRead MoreJoseph Of The Holy Ghost1229 Words   |  5 Pageshere as the husband of Mary, which makes Joseph legally the father of Jesus. It is not the flesh, nor the blood that makes Jesus legally heir and gives Him the right to the throne of David, but being a son through Joseph s marriage does. 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Full Metal Jacket Free Essays

Meaning and purpose can be defined depending on the reader and the author that is defining it. The meaning and purpose of any form of literature is the main point of the piece of work, why it was created and what the author wants the reader to understand or get from his or her work. As for the movie Full Metal Jacket, the director, Stanley Kubrick, wanted to have a combination of comedy as well as a sense of realization when it comes to a soldier becoming a marine and what it takes to be one. We will write a custom essay sample on Full Metal Jacket or any similar topic only for you Order Now The characters throughout the movie each show a different way of nderstanding and dealing with the problems that they had to quickly overcome. Full Metal Jacket is a movie that shows the different roles and stages of the marines that were stationed in the Vietnam War. The first half of the movie had an entertaining way of showing the audience how they were trained and how they learned that they were indeed â€Å"born to kill†. The main purpose of the first part of the movie was to show the audience what the soldiers had to go through first in order to make it as a marine. It had to be a hard as well as somewhat brutal and life-changing experience n order for them to be ready to become the killing machines that they were forced to be. The changes that the characters have shown make the second half of the movie very different in terms of their attitudes, what each soldier viewed as right and wrong, as well as the events that take place throughout the movie. This part of Full Metal Jacket was geared more towards the actual Vietnam War and revealed the reasons as to why they had to become heartless in a way during their training. Throughout the course of the war, some of the soldiers slowly but surely slipped out f their sanity and become cold-hearted killers in order to survive themselves. Each marine in Full Metal Jacket had to be able to prove that they were worthy enough to take on certain obstacles in the first half of the movie, such as emotional and mental hazing. Stanley Kubrick made sure to incorporate as much of the hazing as possible within the first half of the movie in order to show the audience how much work each soldier had to put into the beginning of their Journey into becoming a marine. If they could not take control of the rate of hazing they received it would be seen as a eakness, therefore proving that they are not ready for the war. For example, Pyle who was a soldier that as overweight clumsy and slow-witted, could not take the stress and harassment that came with the training of becoming a marine and he could not endure the embarrassment that was thrown at him every time he did something wrong, which in turn made him decide to commit suicide as well as murder Gunnery Sergeant Hartman, the drill instructor who trains the recruits in order to turn them into marines. Gunnery Sergeant Hartman seemed to have caused ll of the anger and frustration that Pyle had to go through, therefore Pyle’s actions proved to the audience and to the marines that were involved, that not everyone can make it as a marine and may end up losing their sanity over it. The whole point of allowing the audience to view this is to reinforce the level of maturity that would be required to fully understand the troubles that comes with being a marine. The first half of Full Metal Jacket mainly focuses on how much a person can take while preparing for war, being in war, and knowing how to act and react to certain issues and perceived throughout the movie. In The Green Berets, Sargent Peterson, a Special Forces sergeant, quickly realized that he needed to make sure that Hamchunk, a homeless Vietnamese child, was safe and well accounted for when their base was being attacked. This quick form of action shows the audience that he was well trained and knew exactly what to do and when to do it. Full Metal Jacket revealed other ways of bringing out a characters sense of maturity and therefore had a different aspect compared to that scene, and basically the entire movie of The Green Berets. Full Metal Jacket was meant to make the audience completely understand hy the soldiers had to go through training the way that they did. It all comes together once the audience sees firsthand what can happen when a soldier loses his focus or is not fully prepared for what may happen next. The series of events that happens during the second half of the movie could make or break anyone who may not be tough enough to endure all of the negativity. Full Metal Jacket is supposed to be an eye opener and should cause a sense of realization for the audience. In the scene where Doc Jay and Eight Ball, two very brave marines, were being attacked by a niper, Animal Mother, a tough marine, did everything he could think of doing in order to try and save his dying friends, even though he knew that there was no chance of their survival. Regardless, Animal Mother went out alone, against his direct orders, to try and find the sniper and kill her in retaliation. Granted, he could not do it alone, he called the rest of the soldiers to try and track her down. Once they found her, they shot her, made her suffer in pain for a little bit and then killed her. In a normal world, doing these actions would seem horrific and Just not right, but due to heir previous training and sudden attack from this woman, the soldiers were forced to murder this woman and left her there. This type of action or retaliation enforces the moral or immorality that ties in within the movie. Murdering the sniper, especially her being a woman, opens up a more intriguing way of the audience socially analyzing the situation. Making the audience decide whether or not murdering her and allowing her to suffer was acceptable or hard to accept due to her being a woman. As for the soldiers, this decision was made easily and as the sniper as laying down suffering, the audience could easily see the reactions that each marine made, showing their different views on their daily lives. Each soldier had their own morals and values compared to other soldiers. Obviously, each soldier has his own personality which brings a different outlook on what it is that they have to do, and how they are supposed to do it. Each soldier must fulfill their mission, and do what they are instructed to do. In Full Metal Jacket, the soldiers seemed to have similar values, and seem to have been brought up or trained almost identically. Due o the first half of the movie where they had been trained to know and love their rifles and to be ready to shoot and kill whatever was not considered one of them.. Every soldier knew what they had to do and they were all comfortable when it came to killing the enemy and possibly sacrificing themselves in the process. Unlike Full Metal Jacket, in the movie Platoon, Sometimes the soldiers take their main source of responsibility and manipulate it. For instance, some of the soldiers took a young girl from the village that they took over and tried to rape her in order to satisfy their ersonal needs, until Chris, the main character as well as the marine who decided to human being and should not be raped Just because of her unfortunate circumstances. This scene showed the audience how some soldiers will have the wrong mentality due to their current hectic lifestyles, while other soldiers know and remember their rights and wrongs from â€Å"back home† when it comes to doing things that they can personally control. Full Metal Jacket seemed to have been made for the audience to view and understand the troubles and obstacles that each soldier has to o through beginning from his training all the way through his actual fght in the war. The audience is supposed to learn and begin to understand how the soldiers are supposed to be trained in order for them to make it during the war, or in order to know what to do to help whoever is directly associated with the war. Stanley Kubrick wanted to open up the eyes of the â€Å"outside world† and allow people to realize what each marine has to go through and their purpose for becoming a marine. They are not always out and about trying to rape and murder every woman they encounter as well as taking over everything that they see. There is a process that each soldier must go through in order to make it where they need to be. Full Metal Jacket compared to Platoon and The Green Berets makes the audience see both sides of a soldiers’ life whereas the other two movies only show the second half of the soldiers’ life when he is already trained and in the battle field. The other two movies don’t show how the soldiers came up to where they are now, it reveals only what they have already accomplished within themselves, and they already have their own views on life depending on the amount of negative series of events that they have encountered. Full Metal Jacket has more than one meaning, and more than one purpose. Stanley Kubrick wanted to make sure that the audience was able to interpret and take back with them the struggles and the achievements of a marine. What it takes to become one and what it takes to remain one at all times during the hardships of being in a war. Due to that, the movie seemed as if it should have been two separate movies, which makes it unique, compared to The Green Berets and Platoon where each movie was based solely on the war. Although, all three movies showed the different kinds of ttitudes that evolved into a marine as they each evolved or became a different person whilst being a part of the war. Some characters showed emotion while some didn’t show any emotion at all, displaying the different levels of maturity that each marine must have. Displaying the different emotions was meant to allow the audience to see the war in different aspects based on certain marines in the movies. Full Metal Jacket allowed the audience to watch the marines as they evolved from viewing things in different ways. Regardless, the movie was supposed to be a sense of realization and knowledge. How to cite Full Metal Jacket, Papers

Brand Management Through Narrowing The Gap - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Brand Management Through Narrowing The Gap. Answer: Introduction Brand is a name or symbol that provides identity to an organisation and the product it manufactures. Brand management is important for managers, as customers tend to recognise products based on the brand image (Rosenbaum-Elliott, Percy and Pervan 2015). Brand identity helps in gaining a competitive advantage in the market. The assignment discusses the ways by which organisations can create a brand by depending on the various factors that define a brand. The assignment analysis Aakers brand identify model (ABIM) in order to understand the importance of such brands. Comparisons are made between ABIM and Keller's model in order to clearly understand the differences between the brands. Each perspective of the ABIM is analysed in the assignment in detail. Discussion on how organisations create its brand Concept of brand identity and its importance According to Vigneron and Johnson (2017), brand identity is considered as a different concept than brand image. It establishes a proper intention for branding. It can be said as a collection of various brand elements that a company creates in order to satisfy the organisational goals and attain customer satisfaction. Brand identity provides liberty to a company to choose its design, logo and the colour schemes that can attract customers to the organisation. In this regard, the benefits of brand identity can be analysed. As stated by Solomon (2014) a proper brand identity allows a company to establish itself firmly in the market. It helps in the creation of an image that is bigger than the organisation. Through brand identity, the prospects of a company increase that help it to succeed in the business world. Moreover, it helps in building loyalty and trust among the customers so that it can effectively succeed in the satisfaction of the customers. This is an important benefit for an o rganisation as a loyal customer is an important stakeholder as well as an asset (He and Lai 2014). Thus, brand identity is considered as an important aspect of an organisation. Aakers brand identity model (ABIM) Concept of ABIM David Aaker, a professor of marketing at the University of California, created Aaker's brand identity model (ABIM). The model aims to combine brand awareness with brand equity. Apart from this brand, loyalty and brand associations are also considered as part of the marketing model that helps in engaging customers and create brand loyalty. Kelley, Sheehan and Jugenheimer (2015) stated that ABIM adds up the factors that make up a brand image in an organisation. It provides for an extended identity element as it plays a key role in the success of an organisation. It also enables the brand to adapt to different products and the markets of different countries. ABIM perceives brand in four different manners. The brand is seen as individual entities that are formed together in order to provide a competitive advantage for an organisation. The four perspectives of the brand include product, organisation, person and symbol. Bravo et al. (2017) stated that this model is different from the brand equity model suggested by Keller. Keller divided branding stating that in order to build a strong brand it is necessary that the managers think as per customers. They need to maintain four essential stages that can help in the proper identification of customers and gain the loyalty of the customers. Several steps are considered that are used to create a proper brand image among the customers and gain importance in the market. However, Aaker (2013) stated that ABIM provides separate entity of branding that helps in analysing the features that are needed for creating a proper brand image. On the other hand, a different model such as Kapferers brand identity model differences between brand identity and the image. This model highlights that brand identity focuses on the company and is a production of the managerial activities. The identity provides the ultimate approval required to understand a particular brand. Brand image focuses on the target market of an organisation. It is formed mainly due to the perceptions of the customers. Thus, the varied manner in which this model describes branding has brought about many criticisms. The aspects of the prism are too complex for forming a proper opinion about branding. The reason for choosing ABIM is the fact that unlike the other two models, ABIM provides a more comprehensive and systematic approach to understand the concept of brand identity. Figure 1: Kellers brand equity model (Source: Schallehn, Burmann and Riley 2014) Figure 2: ABIM brand identity model (Source: Kelley, Sheehan and Jugenheimer 2015) Figure 3: Kapferers brand identity prism (Source: MacInnis, Park and Priester 2014) ABIM Perspective Brand as a product According to Wheeler (2017), the product is important for organisations in order to impress the customers and ensure that the financial stability of an organisation is maintained. Without proper manufacturing and selling of products, an organisation cannot exist in the modern competing market. Products are also an element of the marketing mix that marketers focus in order to gain a competitive advantage in the market. In the case of ABIM, branding is considered as a product as it provides opportunities for organisations to expand itself in the market. As stated by the perception of the brand as a product, it is seen that products consist of the scope and the attributes. These factors are important in order to understand the limitations and the features of a particular product. Based on this, marketers can decide upon the target market and sell the product as per the qualities it possesses. According to Ghodeswar (2017), the country of origin also plays a huge role in the selling of p roducts. An example can be provided in order to support this statement. Singapore Airline represents the services provided by the Singapore Airlines. Based on the type of service presented by the airline, people tend to put their faith in the airlines. The airline company flies to 64 locations around the world and uses its brand identity to gain advantage over the rivals (Singaporeair.com 2018). The perspective of the customers about the brand helped it to increase its brand equity. One of the ways by which Singapore Airlines have managed to improve its brand image is by is by providing comfortable flights on a consistent basis. ABIM Perspective Brand as an organisation As an organisation brand can be considered as a mirror image of an organisation. The features of an organisation consist of the novelty, care about the customers and the reliability of the products (De Chernatony 2016). These features are important as it helps an organisation to understand the goals and the ways by which it can be aligned with the interests of the customers. The brand identity developed by the organisation can be both global as well local. This is an important aspect as it helps in the expansion of the brand identity of the organisation. This particular perspective of a brand as an organisation can be considered as an opportunity of the organisations to present itself in the market. The culture of the organisation depends upon the brand identity it sets up for itself, thereby gaining importance in the market. An example can be considered in this regard to help in the understanding of the perspective of a brand as an organisation. An example can be provided by a non-profit organisation named Kaplan that specialises in providing higher education programs to students. The institution was founded in 1938 and since then has grown into a reputed education centre in Florida. The fact that it encourages students to pursue education reflects the cultural factor of the institute. The institute in order to ensure that the people of the country are educated and earn a proper living provides almost all levels of education (Kaplan.com 2018). This proves the branding as an organisation phenomenon as the institute uses its name in order to gain recognition in the society. According to Ferrandi, Valette-Florence and Fine-Falcy (2015), this can be considered as an important prospect for Kaplan in gaining the trust of the customers. The fame of Kaplan is not only in Asia but also in the United States. The university also publishes journals that are useful for future studies and gaining knowledge about various things in the worl d. Thus, the brand of the organisation is recognised in this manner. ABIM Perspective Brand as a person Sung et al. (2105) observed that brand as a person determines the relationship that exists between the brand and the customers. In this case, the brand becomes a part of the person and tries to manipulate its thoughts based on the customers. The advantage of this is that it can help in identifying the target market with ease. Psychologists suggest that branding is also based taking into consideration some of the attributes of a person. These attributes include sincerity of a person, the active level of an individual and the reliability of a person. It can be said that customers can connect with a brand once it feels that the particular brand represents the personality possessed by the individual. In this regard, it can be said that a particular person can also be used as a creator of the brand. Okonkwo (2016) argued in favour of this stating logo and colours not only depict a brand but a famous icon such as characters from Disney can also be considered as a brand. People can easily recognise a character like Mickey Mouse or Donald Duck as one of the Disney characters, as these are famous icons. The target market for this can be the young children that have a craze for following such icons. Thus, a company like Walt Disney use such characters as a mascot and help in creating other mascots for eventful events so that the reputation of the brand can be maintained (Thewaltdisneycompany.com 2018). ABIM Perspective Brand as a symbol Symbols can be used in order to covey various types of information. It is one method of communication that is used in order to convey a message to different people. Symbols are mainly the logo or colour that represents an organisation. According to Keller (2017), symbols help in the inheritance of the brand image and the manner in which an organisation is displayed. The symbols or logo of famous brands is not hard to be guessed by the customers. Thereby, it is important that the symbols of the organisation represent the culture and the name of the organisation. Some companies also use the symbols as a metaphor for representing the true self of the organisation. Therefore, an example can be provided in order to understand the perspective more clearly. Tiger balm is a medical item that helps people to heal from the pain. Aw Cheng Chye family manufactured the product and today it is one of the famous brands all over China. The symbol of the balm is a tiger that represents the name of the balm and provides a metaphorical implication that like tigers the balm is quick in the work that it does (Tigerbalm.com 2018). Thus, it can be said that symbols represent a hidden message of an organisation and provide an opportunity for customers to recognise the brand and remain loyal to it. Thus, this is also an important part of forming a brand identity for an organisation. Conclusion Thus, after the analysis, it can be said that branding is an important part of an organisation. The implication of brand image can help every organisation to gain a competitive advantage in the market. Branding helps in the recognition of the brand and provides opportunities for expansion into new ventures. The implementation of ABIM can help brand managers to identify the proper manner in which brands can be developed. Treating brands individually as per different perceptions can help an organisation to understand the various features that are involved while setting up a brand image. In this regard, the use of ABIM can help in creating a proper branding of a product. The examples provided show the fact that the application of ABIM can help managers to segregate the features required for creating a proper branding of a particular product. Comparison to Keller's model of brand equity sheds light on the advantages and disadvantages that ABIM possesses. It can be concluded that Kellers model follows a systematic analysis of the various stages of branding. The perception of the customers is determined by linking the products with the thoughts of the customers. Establishing an identity, identifying the meaning, analysing the response and creating relationships with the customers and brand are essential in order to create a proper image in the market. However, the application of ABIM can segregate the branding characteristic and provide a proper understanding of the implementation of branding. The organisations mentioned above use the segments in a unique manner and ensure that customers both locally and globally can gain knowledge about the type of products and services that are offered by the organisations. Hence, it can be stated that in order to identify a proper application of branding the use of ABIM is effective in the market. Reference Aaker, J.L., 2013. Dimensions of brand personality.Journal of marketing research, pp.347-356. Bravo, R., Bravo, R., Buil, I., Buil, I., de Chernatony, L., de Chernatony, L., Martnez, E. and Martnez, E., 2017. Managing brand identity: effects on the employees.International Journal of Bank Marketing,35(1), pp.2-23. De Chernatony, L., 2016. Brand management through narrowing the gap between brand identity and brand reputation.Journal of marketing management,15(1-3), pp.157-179. Ferrandi, J.M., Valette-Florence, P. and Fine-Falcy, S., 2015. 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